Your choices for food and exercise can either increase OR decrease GLP-1 production in your body. I think it is obvious just by what I have said so far that we want to increase our natural GLP-1 production to maintain a healthy body weight and metabolism.
What we eat and whether or not we exercise affect GLP-1 pathways by acting directly on L‑cells, as well as indirectly through the microbiome and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and through circadian, autonomic, and inflammatory pathways.
DIETARY STRATEGIES to INCREASE GLP‑1
- Protein (especially with calcium) robustly stimulates GLP‑1 via amino‑acid–sensing receptors on L‑cells. High‑protein, calcium‑rich meals increase post‑meal GLP‑1 and satiety.
- Unsaturated fats – monosaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (from nuts, seeds, avocados, olive oil, and fatty fish) activate lipid‑sensing receptors on L‑cells and enhance GLP‑1 release when part of balanced “mixed” meals.
- Fermentable fiber and resistant starch (legumes, high‑fiber grains, some roots, cooled starches) increase colonic short-chain fatty acids boosting GLP‑1 synthesis and secretion. Studies support diets enriched in fermentable fiber increase colonic GLP‑1 content, portal GLP‑1, L‑cell proglucagon expression, and were associated with reduced food intake, weight gain, and triglycerides.
- Overall, mixed‑nutrient meals higher in protein and/or fiber, and Mediterranean‑style meal plans, are associated with greater endogenous GLP‑1 responses and better appetite control.
DIETARY STRATEGIES that DECREASE or BLUNT GLP‑1
- Low‑fiber Western diets high in processed foods reduce short-chain fatty acids production and L‑cell stimulation, contributing to lower baseline and post‑meal GLP‑1 and impaired incretin effect in obesity and diabetes.
- Added sugars and ultra‑processed foods promote inflammation abd gut imbalance/dysfunction that decrease GLP‑1 synthesis and can induce “GLP‑1 resistance”.
- Excessive saturated fat and low microbiome diversity are linked to reduced short-chain fatty acids production and weaker GLP‑1 signaling.
BOTTOM LINE: Food choices that increase insulin resistance and gut dysbiosis impair GLP ‑ 1 production over time.
Diet and GLP-1 Connections: Microbiome diversity, Short Chain Fatty Acids, and Probiotics
- Non‑digestible carbohydrates (fiber) raise colonic short-chain fatty acids (acetate, propionate, butyrate), which stimulate GLP‑1 release.
- “Fiber feeding” studies in animals were found to lower food intake, weight gain, and hepatic triglycerides.
- Probiotics such as our unique high-quality multi-species TruProbiotic™ Daily that contains both Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains enhance GLP‑1 secretion by increasing short-chain fatty acids, and modulating bile acids.
- Microbiome strategies that boost short-chain fatty acid-producing bacterial species (e.g., via prebiotic fibers, polyphenol‑rich foods from fruits and vegetables) help improve natural GLP‑1–mediated appetite and glucose control.
Exercise and Physical Activity Effects on GLP-1
- Moderate to high‑intensity exercise (about 50–75% VO₂max or 85–90% HRmax) in single exercise sessions increased glucose‑stimulated GLP‑1 in healthy and obese individuals.
- Combined high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and resistance exercise in a 12‑week program 3 times/week resulted in increased post‑meal GLP‑1 in overweight/obese patients. Similar high‑intensity programs increased GLP‑1 in adolescents with Type II diabetes.
- Regular aerobic physical activity is associated with lower fasting but greater post‑meal GLP‑1 responses, suggesting a more dynamic and healthier “metabolically flexible” GLP‑1 profile.
- Exercise has also been shown to reduce GLP-1 resistance in individuals with Type II Diabetes and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. This occurs via downstream GLP-1 signaling rather than increase in GLP-1 secretion, potentially from improved microbiota diversity, short chain fatty acids, and myokine crosstalk.
- Weight loss from exercise not only improves GLP-1 secretion rhythm it was found to be more effective in preventing weight regain compared to weight loss from diet alone. This effect is even more important for long-term success in maintaining healthy weight.
BOTTOM LINE: Both short-term and long-term exercise influence GLP‑1 secretion and sensitivity.
Sleep, Circadian Rhythms, and Stress Effects on GLP-1
- GLP‑1 secretion varies by time of day. In people, there is a peak early in the morning, and then meal‑induced pulses across the day.
- Acute sleep loss/disruption, plus prolonged light exposure, alter GLP‑1 timing (i.e. delayed post‑breakfast peak) and promote hunger (intake of larger meals) and poorer blood sugar control.
- Continuous light exposure and circadian disruption blunt normal food‑induced GLP‑1 and insulin responses, leading to worse glucose control. This is why it is so important to sleep in a dark room without any light sources.
- Chronic stress and circadian rhythm disruption reduce gut bacteria that make desirable short chain fatty acids, and suppress gut GLP-1 release, increase cortisol. These combined effects increase appetite.
BOTTOM LINE: GLP‑1 secretion is sensitive to circadian rhythms, sunlight exposure, duration/quality of sleep, and level of daily stress.
Natural Medicine Supplements that Boost GLP-1
Supplements are another way to support and boost GLP-1 naturally. I am comfortable recommending these three to my patients and our readers: berberine, probiotics and resveratrol. These three have shown early evidence of increasing endogenous GLP-1 or amplifying GLP-1 mediated effects in both animal studies and small human studies.
- TruBerberine 5X – Berberine is a plant alkaloid used to improve blood sugar control based on clinical trials showing that berberine can increase GLP‑1 secretion and improved insulin sensitivity. For more detailed information on how berberine works and how to use it, please go back and read my original health tip on Berberine’s Health Benefits Beyond Weight Loss.
- TruProbiotic Daily – Our unique high-quality, multi-species probiotic contains both Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains that help raise GLP‑1 indirectly via short-chain-fatty acids and gut‑barrier effects. The science behind how this combination works, and the critical importance of including bifidobacteris sp in our probiotic are explained in detail in my original health tip on this specialty premium daily probiotic. Click here to read.
- TruResveratrol Complex –Resveratrol is a polyphenol found in plant-based foods such as red grapes, dark berries, plums, nuts, apples, black olives, capers, red wine and cocoa, foods common in the Mediterranean Diet. Resveratrol has many health benefits. Recent studies have shown indications that it also up-regulates GLP‑1 and improves metabolic signaling. This is not surprising with its cell-protecting properties and anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial and antiviral properties. More current emerging research highlights many more exciting health benefits in the fields of oncology (cancer treatment), cardiology, neurology and even mitochondrial function, obesity and diabetes. If you missed my earlier Health Tip, you can read about these truly remarkable and exciting health benefits in my original TruResveratrol Complex health tip (click to open the article).
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